Division of Counseling and Family Therapy Home Page

Faculty

Mark Pope, Professor*, Chair
Ed.D., University of San Francisco
R. Rocco Cottone, Professor
Ph.D., Saint Louis University
Patricia A. Jakubowski, Professor Emerita*
Ed.D., University of Illinois
Therese S. Cristiani, Associate Professor*
Ed.D., Indiana University
Susan Kashubeck-West, Associate Professor*,
Ph.D., Ohio State University
W. Glenn White, Associate Professor Emeritus*
Ph.D., University of Missouri‑Columbia
S. Kent Butler, Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of Connecticut
Angela D. Coker, Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., Union Institute and University
Matthew E. Lemberger, Assistant Professor*
Ph.D., University of South Carolina

* members of graduate faculty

General Information
The Division of Counseling and Family Therapy is housed on the fourth floor of Marillac Hall. Information about offerings and related matters may be obtained in the Division office, 469 Marillac Hall. The Division of Counseling and Family Therapy offers course work leading to three degrees: the Ph.D. in Education with an Emphasis in Counseling; the Ed.D. in Counselor Education and  Supervision; an M.Ed. in Counseling with an emphasis in community counseling; elementary school counseling; and secondary school counseling.  Information on the doctoral degrees is presented in this Bulletin in the general College of Education listing.

The following Division of Counseling and Family Therapy areas have been accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) at the Master’s level:

• Community Counseling
• Community Counseling with a Specialization in Career Counseling
• School Counseling

CACREP, a specialized accrediting body recognized by the Commission on Recognition of Postsecondary Accreditation, grants accredited status to graduate-level programs in the professional counseling field.

Students wishing to receive Missouri certification in elementary school counseling, or secondary school counseling, must complete all required courses for the M.Ed. in School Counseling in addition to holding teaching certificates valid in Missouri or taking the equivalent course work.  (Consult your advisor if you have questions on these matters.)  The M.Ed. in Community Counseling is appropriate for students planning to practice counseling in non school settings, and graduates may pursue the Missouri state license as a professional counselor (in order to practice independently). 

The M.Ed. degree programs have an exit requirement of a comprehensive examination.  Students may sit for the exam after completing 36 units of the degree program.  There is a service charge for taking the exam.  The exam will be given at least twice a year.  All degree students should consult with their advisers about this requirement.

Admission
In addition to meeting the general admission requirements of the Graduate School, applicants to the M.Ed., must complete the divisional application in addition to the application to Graduate School, have three completed references on file, must have an undergraduate GPA of 3.0, and must take Cns. Ed 6000, Personal and Professional Development in Counseling, in their first semester.  Admissions will be conducted twice a year.  The deadlines for application are June 1 for the fall semester and October 15th  for the spring semester.  M.Ed. students, are accepted on a provisional basis pending their completion of application materials, Cns Ed 6000, and a review by the Counseling Faculty Review Board.

Since it is the objective of the counseling faculty to identify students with low potential for competent practice as early as possible and to initiate the necessary procedures for dealing with such students, the faculty of the counseling program reserves the right to review students at any stage of their coursework.  Any grade less than a B in any core counseling course Cns Ed 6000, Personal and Professional Development in Counseling; Cns Ed 6010, Theories of Counseling; Cns Ed 6370, Community Counseling Practium or Cns Ed 6270 School Counseling Practicum; Cns Ed 6380 Community Counseling Field Experience or Cns Ed 6280 School Counseling Field Experience I or Cns Ed 6285, School Counseling Field Experience II will automatically trigger a review process.  The Counseling Review Board process, however initiated may result in the termination of the student’s degree program or other required or recommended remedies to address deficiencies judged by the Counseling Review Board as related to the skills that are essential to the development of competent and ethical practices as a professional counselor.

Students admitted to the M.Ed. degree programs in counseling as “restricted graduate students” (see the “graduate study” rules in this Bulletin) must attain a 3.0 GPA for the first 12 hours of graduate course work at UM-St. Louis with no grade less than a B.  Restricted students must include the following courses in the first 12 hours of coursework:  Cns Ed 6000, Personal and Professional Development in Counseling; Cns Ed 6010, Theories of  Counseling; Cns Ed 6370 Community Counseling Practicum or Cns Ed 6270 School Counseling Practicum; a student earning any grade less than a B in any of these courses, but still maintaining a 3.0 GPA, will be allowed to repeat the course one time and must earn a grade of B or better to be admitted.

Master of Education: Emphasis in Elementary School Counseling
The courses listed below meet the course work requirements for the M.Ed. degree, state certification, and licensing as a professional counselor:

Counselor Education (Cns Ed)
6000, Personal and Professional Development in Counseling
6010, Theories of Counseling
6020, Ethical and Professional Issues in Individual and Relationship Counseling
6030, Foundations for Multicultural Counseling
6040, Group Procedures in Counseling
6050, Individual Inventory
6200, Foundations of School Guidance
6400, Career Information and Development
6270, School Counseling Practicum
6280, School Counseling Field Experience I
6285, School Counseling Field Experience II

One elective course

Psychological Foundations and Human Development (Ed Psy)
6210, Lifespan: Individual & Family Development
6532, Psycho-Educational Differences in Childhood

Educational Research and Evaluation Methods (Ed Rem)
6709, Educational and Psychological Measurement
6710, Educational Research Methods and Design

Individuals seeking certification as a professional school counselor in the State of Missouri who are non-teacher certificated must take the following courses in addition to their counseling degree: Ed Psych 6111, Spc Ed 6412, Spc Ed 6320, and Elem Ed 6410 or Sec Ed 6415. Students seeking K-12 certification must take both Elem. Ed. 6410 and Sec Ed 6415.

Master of Education: Emphasis in Secondary School Counseling
The courses listed below meet the course work requirements for the M.Ed. degree, state certification, and licensing as a professional counselor:

Counselor Education (Cns Ed)
6000, Personal and Professional Development in    Counseling
6010, Theories of Counseling
6020, Ethical and Professional Issues in Individual and Relationship Counseling
6030, Foundations for Multicultural Counseling
6040, Group Procedures in Counseling
6050, Individual Inventor
6200, Foundations of School Guidance
6270, School Counseling Practicum
6280, School Counseling Field Experience I
6285, School Counseling Field Experience II
6400, Career Information and Development

Psychological Foundations and Human Development (Ed Psy)
6210, Lifespan: Individual & Family Development
6532, Psychoeducational Differences in Childhood

Educational Research and Evaluation Methods (Ed Rem)
6709, Educational and Psychological Measurement
6710, Educational Research Methods and Design

Electives to total 48 hours.

Individuals seeking certification as a professional school counselor in the State of Missouri who are non-teacher certificated must take the following courses in addition to their counseling degree: Ed Psych 6111, Spc Ed 6412, Spc Ed 6320, and Elem Ed 6410 or Sec Ed 6415.  Students  seeking K-12 certification must take both Elem. Ed. 6410 and Sec Ed 6415.

Master of Education: Emphasis in Community Counseling
The community counseling emphasis allows flexibility for developing programs appropriate to particular nonschool settings.  Students must have their adviser's approval before taking other than required courses.

Core Curriculum (Cns Ed)
The courses listed below meet the course work requirements for the M. Ed. Degree and the license to practice as a professional counselor:
The courses listed below meet the course work requirements for the M. Ed. degree and the license to practice as a professional counselor:
6000, Personal and Professional Development in Counseling
6010, Theories of Counseling
6020, Ethical and Professional Issues in Individual and Relationship Counseling
6030, Foundations for Multicultural Counseling
6040, Group Procedures in Counseling
6050, Individual Inventory
6300, Foundation of Community Counseling
6370, Community Counseling Practicum
6380, Community Counseling Field Experience (6)
6400, Career Information and Development

Psychological Foundations and Human Development (Ed Psych)
The following course is required:
6113, Psychopathology and Diagnosis

Educational Research and Evaluation Methods (Ed Rem)
The following course is required:
6710, Educational Research Methods and Design

Area of Specialization (9 hours)
Course work in the area of specialization is to be selected in consultation with the adviser and may include career counseling, mental health counseling, rehabilitation counseling, child and adolescent counseling, couples and `family counseling, and others.

Elementary and Secondary School Counselors
The demand for school counselors throughout the state is quite high.  There is a shortage of school counseling personnel at all levels.  Additionally, many teachers who do not intend to leave the classroom pursue this program to be better able to meet the needs of their students. Some graduates of the program have left the field of education and have obtained positions such as those cited under Community Counseling.

Note: It should be noted that in Missouri, persons who engage in "professional counseling" in many of these settings are required by law to be licensed as professional counselors.

Community Counselors
Graduates have been employed in a wide variety of settings: as counselors in community colleges, universities, employment agencies, vocational rehabilitation agencies, probation and parole work, juvenile detention, alcoholism and drug abuse clinics, career planning and placement centers, community mental health agencies, family and children services, and various federally funded public service projects. Additionally, graduates are employed in career development, and business and industry positions, especially in training and personnel areas. Others have moved into roles calling for research and evaluation skills.

Course Descriptions

Prerequisites may be waived by consent of the department. For information about certification and licensure, an adviser should be consulted. Course descriptions in this section are Counseling (Cns Ed) courses.

1400 Making a Career Choice (1)
Introduces students to career development theories (Holland, Super, Bolles, etc.) and the career decision-making process.  Students receive an overview of career development theory and learn how these theories pertain to the formulation of career plans.  Self-assessment and decision-making techniques learned in this class can be revisited throughout the life span.  The seminar format allows for small group discussion of career-related issues and personal application of career development principles.

3000 Introduction to the Counseling Profession (3)
Prerequisite: Junior or senior level standing. This survey course will provide undergraduates and noncounselors with a broad overview of the counseling profession. Topics include a history of the profession, foundations of counseling, ethical, and legal considerations and the role of the counselor in various settings.

3210 Counseling Gifted Students (3)
Prerequisites: Spc Ed 3313, Ed Psych 3312, or equivalent. This course emphasizes the social and emotional development of gifted and talented individuals. Subject areas will include current research, factors affecting the development of the gifted, and resources and strategies utilized in counseling these students and their parents.

3220 Counseling Individuals with Special Needs (3)
Prerequisite: Spc Ed 3313, or equivalent. A course emphasizing counseling skills for individuals who plan to work with the handicapped. Emphasis is placed on using counseling strategies with school‑age handicapped children.

3710 Counseling the Chemically Dependent (3)
This course is an introduction to the problems resulting from the abuse of alcohol and other chemicals, with an emphasis on the impact of chemical dependence on the individual, the family, the employer, and the community. The special problems resulting from chemical dependence as it affects various populations, e.g., women, individuals with disabilities, and the elderly, will be analyzed and linked to appropriate counseling strategies.

3720 Youth and Chemical Dependence (3)
Prerequisite: Junior standing. This course provides information about adolescent and preadolescent chemical dependency and its relationship to numerous other developmental and societal factors that place the adolescent "at risk" for the development of substance abuse problems. Skills in the identification, intervention, and referral of chemically‑ dependent adolescents are emphasized, along with preventive measures and family and school issues.

6000 Personal and Professional Development in Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Provisional acceptance to the Counseling Program or consent of instructor. This course provides an in‑depth view of the professional counseling field. Attention is focused on the development of the helping relationship, including a review of research on factors which influence helping processes and rapport building, a development of skills used in the counseling process, and increased awareness of how students' values, beliefs, and behaviors are related to counselor effectiveness.

6010 Theories of Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000. This course will explore the philosophical foundations of counseling theory. The major constructs of contemporary counseling approaches will be discussed, and the practical applications of these theories will be analyzed.

6020 Ethical and Professional Issues in Individual and Relationship Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000. Ethical, legal, and professional issues related to counseling are addressed. Ethical dilemmas in the provision of counseling services to individuals, couples, families, and groups are defined. Specific ethical codes of professional organizations are examined.

6030 Foundations for Multicultural Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000 with a grade of B or better and Cns Ed 6010. . This course will focus on: (1) reviewing knowledge and research in the area of multicultural counseling, (2) developing and/or enhancing skills useful in counseling with individuals from minority populations, and (3) developing levels of personal awareness about stereotypes, and learning how feelings and attitudes about these may impact counseling with individuals from minority populations.

6040 Group Procedures in Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6000 with a grade of B or better and Cns Ed 6010 and Cns Ed 6270 or 6370. This course examines the process dynamics of groups including group development, leadership, norms and therapeutic factors. Group counseling theories and approaches used for other group work including skills, personal growth, support, vocational, and developmental guidance groups are included. Knowledge and skills of how to facilitate therapeutic groups are included. Students will be required to be participant‑observers or facilitators of a group outside of class time.

6050 Individual Inventory (3)
Prerequisites: Ed Rem 6709. Uses of educational and psychological appraisal techniques in counseling. Develops counselors' abilities in assisting clients toward self‑awareness through the use of test and nontest data. Ethical practices in the use of tests and the maintenance of personnel records are stressed.

6200 Foundations of School Guidance (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6000 with a grade of B or better. The purpose of this course is to give students a foundation for understanding the history, philosophy, and development of school guidance programs. The role functions of the school counselor within a developmental, comprehensive program are examined, along with communication skills necessary for consultation with students, parents, school support staff, and resource people in the community  nonacademic needs.

6270 School Counseling Practicum (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000 and 6010 (both courses with a grade of B or better) or consent of the instructor. Supervised practice in counseling with children and adolescents and the opportunity for students to learn to facilitate personal change and problem solutions using a defined systematic framework, theoretical orientation, or research base.

6280 School Counseling Field Experience I (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6270 with a grade of B or better and consent of instructor.  A 300-hour closely supervised field experience under the direction of a graduate faculty member.  Designed to move the student to an appropriate level of competence and evidence of growth in the professional school counselor role. Students will receive 1.5  
hours of group and 1 hour of individual supervision weekly by field experience site supervisor.

6285 School Counseling Field Experience II (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6280 with a grade of B or better and consent of instructor.  A 300-hour closely supervised field experience under the direction of a graduate faculty member.  The course will build on and extend the School Counseling Field Experience I.  The student will acquire counseling competencies and ethical practice in keeping with the Missouri state guidelines for school counselors. Students will receive 1.5 hours of group and 1 hour of individual supervision weekly by field experience site supervisor.

6300 Foundation of Community Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6000 with a grade of B or better and Cns Ed 6010.  A study of  counseling profession applicable to a variety of human service settings .  Introduction to the basic philosophical, historical, and psychological foundations of community and agency counseling.  Designed to acquaint the student with the foundations and roles of the counselor in various community and agency settings.   

6370 Community Counseling Practicum (1-6)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000 and 6010 and consent of instructor.  One hundred clock hours of supervised practice in counseling to provide the opportunity for students to pragmatically integrate and process materials, theories, techniques, and methodologies as they are applied in the counseling profession.

6380 Community Counseling Field Experience (1-6)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6370 and consent of instructor.  A 100-hour field experience for each semester-credit-hour of enrollment.  Students will be closely supervised under the direction of a graduate faculty member.  Students must demonstrate counseling competencies and skillful ethical practice.  Students will receive 1.5 hours of group supervision weekly by a graduate faculty member and 1 hour of individual supervision weekly by field experience site supervisor during terms of enrollment.

6400 Career Information and Development (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6000 with a grade of B or better and graduate standing.  Emphasis is on the nature of the changing labor market and the impact on personal, social, economic, career and educational aspects of individuals and society. Use of occupational and educational information systems and resources to assist with career decisions are examined. The needs of culturally diverse populations are discussed. Use of career and labor market information and programs such as computer technology to access up‑to‑date career and labor market information is explored. Techniques and methods of career counseling are discussed.  Various theories of career development and career choice will be examined.

6404 Seminars (1-10)
Prerequisite: Graduate Standing

6410 Advanced Career Development (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6400 or consent of instructor.  Emphasis is on current theories of career development, career choice, and techniques and methods of career counseling. Issues concerning education and training, work, leisure, the family, life roles, and culturally diverse populations are studied. The role of career theory in planning, development, and delivery of a career development program is explored.

6420 Career Assessment in Counseling and Rehabilitation (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6050 and 6400 or consent of instructor.  This course provides an in-depth and specialized look at the educational and psychological assessment techniques used in career counseling, especially the assessment of career interests, work values, work environment, work skills, work samples, career development stages, career maturity, career decision making, and career beliefs.  Issues of using computers in the delivery of career development services will be discussed.

6497 Problems (1-10)

6500 Introduction to Systems Theory for Marriage and Family Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6010. This course is an introduction to general systems theory and application to marriage and family counseling. Students learn the theoretical basis for intervention and counseling strategies in the context of an ecology of human development. Developmental issues at individual, sibling, marital, family, and community levels and the ways in which various social systems interact with and mutually influence one another are presented.

6510 Couple Counseling and Enrichment (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6500 or consent of instructor. This course focuses on the theory and technique of marital or couples counseling and enrichment. Models and methods for prevention and treatment of relationship dysfunction are explored. Relationship developmental issues are addressed. Students are challenged to develop the critical skills necessary to be effective marriage counselors and marital life educators.

6520 Family Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6500 and Cns Ed 6260 or 6370, or consent of instructor. This course offers an in‑depth analysis of strategic, structural, experiential, communications, behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches to systems change and family counseling. The range of techniques and applied practices evolving from each orientation are explored as are normal and dysfunctional family processes. Various counseling modalities, such as individual, concurrent, collaborative, conjoint, group, intergenerational, and networking are also considered.

6530 Assessment and Case Management in Couple and Family Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6500, 6510, or 6520. Techniques measures for assessing couple, marriage and family functioning are reviewed. The case management process is outlined, including stages of case development. Ethical issues related to case recording keeping are reviewed

6540 Preventive Interventions with Couples and Families (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6500, 6510, or 6520.  Interventions for preventing the development of mental health problems in a couple or family context are surveyed.  Premarital counseling, couple and marriage enrichment training, family life education, and relationship enhancement training will be reviewed.  Outreach approaches will also be presented.

6550 Trends, Family Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6500, 6520. The evolution of family types and structures in American cultures will be reviewed. Cultural influence on diverse system structures will be surveyed. Problems that impede family functioning and development, such as socioeconomic disadvantage, discrimination, addiction, unemployment, family blending, and abuse will be addressed, with special emphasis on the effects on family development and intervention strategies. Research data on normative and non-normative family functioning will be presented.

6600 Theories and Techniques of Counseling Children and Adolescents (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000, 6010 (with a grade of B or better in both courses) or consent of the instructor. Focus is on counseling theories and their applicability to the developmental special concerns of children and adolescents including child-at-risk issues such as: abuse, suicide, divorce, and death and dying. Individual, group, and family intervention techniques and consultation skills will be emphasized, as well as legal and ethical considerations for counselors. Strategies presented can be utilized in a variety of settings. Multicultural considerations are also addressed.

6610 Counseling Parents of Exceptional Children (3)
The development of counseling skills to enable human service professionals to interact productively with families who have handicapped children.

6700 Introduction to Addictive Behaviors and Addiction Counseling (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6010 consent of instructor.  Exploration of the theoretical foundations of contemporary approaches to such addictive behaviors as alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, compulsive gambling, and sexual addiction.  The nature, etiology, prevention, and treatment of addictions are discussed and analyzed from a variety of theoretical perspectives.  The applications of these specific theoretical models to various treatment settings are examined.  Multicultural considerations are also addressed.

6782 Advanced Strategies in Addictions Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6700, or consent of instructor. Study of advanced, empirically supported counseling approaches and techniques for the treatment of addictive behaviors. An emphasis is placed on screening and assessment procedures and on matching interventions to individual client and community needs.

6784 Counseling the Dual Diagnosed Substance Abuser (3)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 6700 and Cns Ed 6010. This course introduces the student to the special needs, concerns, and problems encountered when counseling clients who are both mentally ill and chemically dependent. Subject areas include an overview of counseling methodologies, diagnosis, and psycho‑pharmacology.

6800 Rehabilitation Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000; 6010; 6270; or 6370.  This course addresses: a) the history of vocational rehabilitation; b) specialty issues in rehabilitation counseling; c) medical aspects of disability; d) the rehabilitation process; e) theories of rehabilitation; f) the assessment process of individuals with disabilities; g) the job placement and work adjustment process of individuals with disabilities; h) ethical issues in rehabilitation counseling.

6810 Integrating Religion and Spirituality in Counseling (3)
This course is for counselors and students wishing to develop the methods to integrate religion and spirituality in counseling and learn about counseling strategies for persons of various religious backgrounds, the link between health and religion, and ethics involved in the assessment and integration of religion and spirituality in practice.

7000 Advanced Theories of Counseling and Family Therapy (3)
Prerequisites: Doctoral standing or instructor consent. A seminar on the discipline of counseling psychology, including its history, development, and current status.  An important focus will be contemporary and emergent theories in the field.

7010 Advanced Multicultural Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6030 and doctoral standing or consent of instructor.  This advanced course addresses theories and research in multicultural counseling

7020 Seminar in Counseling Research (3)
Prerequisite: Ed Rem 6710, doctoral standing or consent of instructor. The purpose of this course is to review and analyze current counseling research literature. Ethical issues will be addressed.

7030 Counselor Education and Supervision (3)
An introduction to clinical supervision in counseling.  Theories, models, and research in supervision will be presented.  Students will supervise master's level students in practicum and internship courses in counseling.

7040 Counseling Women Toward Empowerment (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6000, 6010 and Cns Ed  6270 or 6370 or consent of instructor.  An introduction to Women's issues in counseling.  Relational theory, healthy female development, and an overview of clinical issues most common to females will be presented.

7050 Advanced Assessment in Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6050 and doctoral standing or consent of the instructor.  This course develops advanced skills in the assessment process which includes the administration, scoring, and interpretation of psychological tests and environmental inventories, clinical interviewing, observation, and the gathering of historical and collaborative information; and the integration of this information into patterns to predict human functioning.

7070 Advanced Clinical Issues in Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Doctoral standing or consent of instructor.  This course will address advanced clinical issues with seriously disturbed clients.

7600 Advocacy, Consulting, and Community Intervention in Counseling Psychology (3)
Prerequisites: Doctoral standing or instructor consent. This course provides students with knowledge and experience in the application of psychological theories and methods to community concerns and problems.

7770 Doctoral Practicum (3)
Prerequisites: Doctoral standing. 100 hours of on-campus doctoral-level supervised counseling practice. Students will counsel clients and will be introduced to teaching and supervising beginning counseling trainees in a clinical context. As a prerequisite to the doctoral internship, students will be expected to demonstrate competence in skills required of counselor educators and clinical supervisors. Students will receive 1.5 hours of group and 1 hour of individual supervision by a graduate faculty member.

7780 Doctoral Internship (1-6)
Prerequisites: Cns Ed 7770; Ed Rem 7804 and Ed Rem 7781. A 100-hour field experience for each semester-credit hour of enrollment under the direction of a graduate faculty member.  Students provide counseling services to clients at field sites, teach and supervise beginning counseling trainees, and conduct clinical research projects.  Students are supervised by a graduate faculty member in two hours per week of group supervision, and they receive one hour per week of individual supervision by the field site supervisor. 

7802 Theory and Practice of Clinical Hypnosis in Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 6270 or 6370 or consent of instructor.  Clinical hypnosis is conceptualized and approached as a system of skilled communication.  Historical perspectives, major models (Traditional, Standardized, and Utilization [Ericksonian), myths, and misconceptions will be explored.  Students will develop skills in direct and indirect trance induction procedures, and case conceptualization with individuals and multiple participants.  Legal and ethical considerations will be presented.

7806 Practicum in Group Counseling (3)
Prerequisite: Cns Ed 7804 and doctoral standing or consent of instructor.  Students will lead or co-lead a supervised counseling group in the community.