Marvin W. Berkowitz
Watch all six animated videos created by CoSchool in Bogota, Columbia in which Marvin Berkowitz explains each of the six characteristics of the PRIMED℠ model.
Watch the April 2021 video produced by Character.org, in which Marvin Berkowitz gives an overview of the PRIMED℠ model and his book, PRIMED℠ for Character Education: Six Design Principles for School Improvement.
Dr. Berkowitz’ book, PRIMED℠ for Character Education: Six Design Principles for School Improvement, is available for purchase.
PRIMED℠ was selected by Greater Good Magazine as one of its favorite books for educators in 2021.
PRIMED℠ for Character Education is now published in a Spanish language edition.
Find the Spanish edition and purchase information.
Also available on Amazon.
PRIMED℠ for Character Education is now published in a Chinese language edition.
Click on any of the links below for Chinese edition info and purchase.
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PRIMED℠ For Character Education
Marvin W. Berokowitz, Ph.D. Discusses The PRIMED℠ Model
As I work with thousands of educators, trying to help them understand how to improve their practice toward both academic achievement and the positive psychological development of their students, I frequently think about my son. When he was an elementary school student, I dreaded the day, especially in elementary school, when he would be assigned to a teacher who I felt simply did not “get it.” Fortunately, he went to an excellent school and my nightmare never became a reality.
But in ruminating about this I had to consider what my criteria were for a good teacher and a bad teacher. I probably wouldn’t have had a good answer back then, but after a decade of pre-service and in-service teacher training and mentoring hundreds of principals, I think I have a better handle on what makes a truly great teacher. Coupling that with both the research literature on teacher effectiveness (which is admittedly skewed toward academic success and rarely considers the development of the whole child) and asking many educators what they consider an excellent teacher, I have zeroed in on six broad characteristics:
Schools first and foremost must make a choice to teach character. It must be a top priority. “If character does not stand authentically at the core of a school’s mission, then it will have little chance of being effective.”
Putting Academics in Perspective. There are two related parts to this and both are seen as sacrilegious by some educators. The first part concerns the true purposes of education. Academic learning was never intended to be the sole or even the prime purpose of public education. Education was foremost intended to prepare students to be democratic citizens, which includes the formation of virtuous character. Certainly literal literacy and cultural literacy (along with other academic skills) are part of civic competence, but it is the civic and moral socialization that truly justifies education. After World War II in the U.S., we lost our way concerning the purpose of education. Particularly when the Soviet Union successfully sent up the Sputnik rocket, we, as a nation, panicked and focused public education monomaniacally on the task of catching up to the Soviets in scientific technological capacity.
We have still not returned to the full understanding that the moral character of our youth is everyone’s responsibility. This particularly applies to those institutions with the greatest impact on youth development; i.e., the family, the school, and now the media. Teachers, in particular, and the nation in general, cannot afford to pass the buck and claim that fostering the development of positive character in youth is not their job. Not only is it the job of educators to foster the development of positive character in students, it is arguably the most important aspect of their job.
The second part of this issue is even more controversial. Teachers, quite understandably, lose perspective about the concrete knowledge that they purvey. The factoids of the curriculum tend to get over-emphasized by teachers because so much of their energy is necessarily spent on writing lesson plans about them, attempting to pass them on to students, and assessing them. Teachers spend countless hours trying to figure out the best way to get students to understand how magnets work or what a preposition is or how to carry over remainders in long division. Once again this job of knowledge transfer needs to be kept in perspective. I would argue that much of the specific content we teach students is not of intrinsic value. We could easily teach about a different battle or a different artist or a different genre of poetry and serve the same ends. Knowing where Appomattox is and why it is important has had little impact on my life and likely on yours (if you remember learning about it at all). Certainly learning to read, write, and engage in basic math skills are critical life skills. Being culturally literate is too.
My point is not that we should stop teaching facts, but that we need to keep them in proper perspective. Most of what we teach in the K-12 years is really about teaching students how to learn and fostering a thirst for learning; it is not about what they specifically learn. Master teachers like Ron Berger (author of An Ethic of Excellence) argue that spending long periods of time on complex projects is much better education than jumping from factoid to factoid as the current mania over standardized state testing seems to demand.
So the first lesson is to keep it all in perspective. Teaching is more about fostering student development and fostering a capacity and thirst for learning than it is about the content of the curriculum. Teachers who say they don’t have time for character education simply don’t get it. Teachers who, for example, spend the first week or more of the school year building relationships, creating classroom community, collaborating on developing class norms, learning about each other, developing classroom procedures and routines, etc. are teachers who have their priorities straight.
Classrooms should foster relationships between anybody and everybody; any combination is beneficial, from student-to-student, teacher-to-student, and cross-age buddying. It’s just as important for teachers and administrators to build a similar web of relationships within the adult school community. “Schools must be intentional and strategic in promoting relationships among all stakeholders. Relationships are the elements upon which healthy schools and character are built.”
Relationship-building. There is a popular saying in education that “students don’t care how much you know until they know how much you care.” The missing two words at the end of that sentence are “about them.” I frequently ask teachers to identify and describe their favorite teacher. The most common characteristics they list are about interpersonal relationships: took a personal interest in me; reached out to me when I was in crisis; took the time to get to know me as a person; went beyond the normal school boundaries to develop a personal relationship with me; etc. I often tell educators that the molecules from which the substance of effective character education is built are relationships. Educators often gravitate first to exhortation (lecturing, reading pithy quotes, putting up inspiring posters, etc.), recognition (listing students of character on the wall or naming them at assemblies or school announcements), and reward (giving students tangible rewards or privileges for good behavior).
But what really impacts student character is rather how the child is treated by others. Character education is fundamentally a matter of promoting healthy pro-social relationships in the school: teacher-student, student-student, teacher-parent, teacher-support staff, student-support staff, and so on. Peer mentoring, cross-age buddying, professional learning communities, etc. are deliberate means for such relationship building. Teachers need to focus on this and learn the pedagogy of relationship-building, most centrally how they can build a strong relationship with each child, how they can engineer a healthy peer culture among the students, and how they can teach students the social-emotional skills they need to build, sustain, and repair such relationships.
Help students understand that there is personal, internal satisfaction from achieving goals and behaving properly. “Unless students internalize moral values, they will be temporary.”
Intrinsic motivation. As noted above, teachers seem to be almost genetically disposed to dispense extrinsic rewards and motivators (including punishments) to students. However, as psychological research has taught us, this is not a very effective method of motivating students (or others). Yet teachers rely on this as a major means of allegedly fostering student development, seemingly not realizing that punishment is a very ineffective (even counter-productive) means of behavior management and rewards have some serious negative side effects. Teachers frequently get quite indignant at the mere suggestion that they stop relying on extrinsic motivators. Sometimes they simply get confused as they cannot imagine how not to do so. The reward distracts students from the real message; i.e., what you just did is good and should be done even more in the future. It also teaches students to go wherever the rewards are, and this is easily generalized to inappropriate or even immoral or illegal behavior that has a personal pay-off.
Rather, teachers need to learn to promote intrinsic motivation in students simply by quietly and privately praising them (with a clear explanation of what was desirable about their behavior), by modeling the behavior they want in students (more on this one below), and by discussing and studying values, virtues, and desirable behavior (both in the academic curriculum and in the general life of the school). In this way, students will truly internalize the values and apply them fully in their lives.
Because teachers and administrators should have built strong relationships with their students, educators can now leverage their role-model status not only to talk about character, but also to show character. “To paraphrase Gandhi, all adults around children must be the character they want to see in kids.”
Model Good Behavior. It is utter hypocrisy to ask students to have good character but not hold oneself to the same standard. As I frequently challenge educators, “How dare you ask a child to be responsible or respectful or caring or honest if you can’t act that way yourself?” It is quite a sobering challenge for even the best of us. We know that one powerful way to impact a student’s character is to leverage the positive relationship we have hopefully built and model good character. If they care about you and know you care about them, they will want to become like you. Gandhi challenged us to be the change we want to see in the world; I challenge you to be the character you want to see in your students.
And there is no opting out of this one either. It is not a personal choice whether you are a role model; it is up to those who look at and up to you. Every teacher is a role model, whether she or he intends it, wants it, or not. And every teacher impacts students’ character through their own character every single day. As Tom Lickona has said, “The single most powerful tool you have to impact a student’s character is your own character.” This one is clear to parents; i.e., they look for what kind of person their child’s teacher is. It is much less clear to teachers who are daunted and cowed by the prospect of having their character judged, and therefore frequently discount the power of their character on students’ development.
Rather than educators solving all the problems for students, empower students to make decisions for themselves. Giving them real-life, authentic problems to solve as a team helps foster real world decision-making skills.“ Schools tend to be authoritarian and hierarchical in nature. Students don’t become participatory democratic citizens by merely learning about democracy. They need to experience the power of their own voices in advocating for the common good.”
Empower students. American education is a decidedly hierarchical and authoritarian institution. And students are at the bottom of the food chain. It is not that educators are predators, but rather that the entire system disempowers students, albeit with benevolent but misguided intentions. Unfortunately this paternalistic/maternalistic system does not prepare students for life, either in general or as a member of a self-governing society. Teachers simply do not know how to empower students. They make all the decisions, solve all the problems, make all the plans, and generally rule by fiat. They are the czars and czarinas of their classrooms.
Exemplary educators, however, have discovered the pedagogy of empowerment. They pass (appropriate) problems, plans, and decisions back to students for resolution. They use pedagogical methods like cooperative learning and class meetings. And they authentically value students’ minds and voices. Such teachers humbly realize that students will often out-think them, even kindergarten students. They recognize that students are a valuable resource in building effective schools and classrooms. But most importantly, they respect students and understand that this respect and the pedagogy of empowerment will promote more learning, more love for learning, and stronger character in their students. Teachers need to truly value students and empower them in all appropriate ways.
Schools Intentionally Foster the Development of Student Character and Social-Emotional Competence and Utilize Methods that are Developmental in Purpose.
After sorting all the evidence-based strategies for promoting the development of character and social-emotional competencies into the five principles of PRIME℠, six strategies remained. These have been clustered under the rubric of Developmental Pedagogy, because all seem to focus on the direct promotion of positive development. Hence this review has generated a sixth principle for the PRIME℠ model and turning it into PRIMED℠. In turn, the six strategies have been clustered into three sub-categories: Teaching character; Expectations for growth; Practice.
Teaching Character. There are three strategies aligned with teaching character and social-emotional development. (1) The direct and targeted teaching of character was identified by WWCE, Lovat et al., Lickona, and the National School Climate Center. (2) In parallel, the direct teaching of social-emotional competencies was identified by WWCE, CASEL, Lickona, and the National School Climate Center. (3) Providing opportunities for students to practice and master these competencies, often through role-playing, was specifically identified by the USDOE, CASEL, and Leming.
Expectations for Growth/Development. There were two strategies identified that target the promotion of general development or growth. (1) In alignment with much research on both parenting and education, four reviews (WWCE, CASEL, Lovat et al., Lickona) identified setting high expectations (for academics and/or character). (2) The USDOE reported that mental contrasting effectively promotes persistence. Mental Contrasting (Oettingen, 2000) in combination with Implementation Intention (Gollwitzer, 1999) is a strategy developed and tested under the name MCII (Oettingen & Gollwitzer, 2009) and commercialized under the name WOOP that asks students to compare the idea of a desired future state with obstacles that they envision might impede their progress toward that state and to construct if-then scenarios for how they might overcome each obstacle (Duckworth, 2011).
Practice. The use of the specific developmental strategy of practicing desired competencies and strengths, including the particular use of role-playing, was identified by three reviews: CASEL, Leming, and USDOE.
So my advice to teachers is to stay PRIMED℠ for character excellence. Focus on these six strategies and...
"Oh the places you will go."
-Dr. Suess
